See thef in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "thief"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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"word": "theif"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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},
{
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{
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"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "theeff"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "theiff"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
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"early"
],
"word": "thef"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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"tags": [
"Anglicised"
],
"word": "thief"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "teif"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
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"Galloway"
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"word": "tyif"
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],
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{
"args": {
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"2": "ang",
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},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*þeub"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *þeub",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*þeubaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *þeubaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English þēof, from Proto-West Germanic *þeub, from Proto-Germanic *þeubaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "theves",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "thefes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "theef",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "þef",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "þeef",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "þeof",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "thief",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Essex",
"Kent"
]
},
{
"form": "þief",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Essex",
"Kent"
]
},
{
"form": "þyef",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Essex",
"Kent"
]
},
{
"form": "thefe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "theff",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "thyef",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
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"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
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"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "theves",
"pl2": "thefes"
},
"expansion": "thef (plural theves or thefes)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "thefly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "thefte"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "thevysch"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 28 18 14 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 13 13 21",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 13 13 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 47 2 2 2",
"kind": "other",
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"orig": "enm:Crime",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 10 18 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Finance",
"orig": "enm:Finance",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A thief or robber (one who steals, especially stealthily):",
"A fraudster or con artist."
],
"id": "en-thef-enm-noun-WvanD7PV",
"links": [
[
"thief",
"thief"
],
[
"robber",
"robber"
],
[
"steal",
"steal#English"
],
[
"stealthily",
"stealthily#English"
],
[
"fraudster",
"fraudster"
],
[
"con artist",
"con artist"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 28 18 14 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 13 13 21",
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},
{
"_dis": "27 27 13 13 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
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},
{
"_dis": "47 47 2 2 2",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 10 18 20",
"kind": "other",
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"name": "Finance",
"orig": "enm:Finance",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 50 15 16 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "People",
"orig": "enm:People",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A thief or robber (one who steals, especially stealthily):",
"A kidnapper; a stealer of people."
],
"id": "en-thef-enm-noun-d~YOakf6",
"links": [
[
"thief",
"thief"
],
[
"robber",
"robber"
],
[
"steal",
"steal#English"
],
[
"stealthily",
"stealthily#English"
],
[
"kidnapper",
"kidnapper"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 28 18 14 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 13 13 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 13 13 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 10 18 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Finance",
"orig": "enm:Finance",
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A criminal or villain; a malicious or lawbreaking person:",
"A liar; one who is dishonest."
],
"id": "en-thef-enm-noun-Pqnc4Vt6",
"links": [
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"villain",
"villain"
],
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"lawbreaking",
"lawbreaking"
],
[
"liar",
"liar"
],
[
"dishonest",
"dishonest"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 28 18 14 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 13 13 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 13 13 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 17 20 25 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "enm:Ethics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 10 18 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Finance",
"orig": "enm:Finance",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A criminal or villain; a malicious or lawbreaking person:",
"An usurer or miser; a financially immoral individual."
],
"id": "en-thef-enm-noun-4ZGlXjeg",
"links": [
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"villain",
"villain"
],
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"lawbreaking",
"lawbreaking"
],
[
"usurer",
"usurer"
],
[
"miser",
"miser"
],
[
"immoral",
"immoral"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 28 18 14 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 13 13 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 13 13 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 10 18 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Finance",
"orig": "enm:Finance",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A criminal or villain; a malicious or lawbreaking person:",
"A mercenary or freebooter; a soldier motivated by money."
],
"id": "en-thef-enm-noun-Hs1W5sGy",
"links": [
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"villain",
"villain"
],
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"lawbreaking",
"lawbreaking"
],
[
"mercenary",
"mercenary"
],
[
"freebooter",
"freebooter"
],
[
"money",
"money"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/θeːf/"
}
],
"word": "thef"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Crime",
"enm:Ethics",
"enm:Finance",
"enm:People"
],
"descendants": [
{
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"word": "thief"
},
{
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{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "theif"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "theef"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "theeff"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "theiff"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "theiffe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
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"early"
],
"word": "thef"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"tags": [
"Anglicised"
],
"word": "thief"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "teif"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "thief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"Galloway"
],
"word": "tyif"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "þēof"
},
"expansion": "Old English þēof",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*þeub"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *þeub",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*þeubaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *þeubaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English þēof, from Proto-West Germanic *þeub, from Proto-Germanic *þeubaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "theves",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "thefes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "theef",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "þef",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "þeef",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "þeof",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "thief",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Essex",
"Kent"
]
},
{
"form": "þief",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Essex",
"Kent"
]
},
{
"form": "þyef",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Essex",
"Kent"
]
},
{
"form": "thefe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "theff",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "thyef",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "thef",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "theves",
"pl2": "thefes"
},
"expansion": "thef (plural theves or thefes)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "thefly"
},
{
"word": "thefte"
},
{
"word": "thevysch"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A thief or robber (one who steals, especially stealthily):",
"A fraudster or con artist."
],
"links": [
[
"thief",
"thief"
],
[
"robber",
"robber"
],
[
"steal",
"steal#English"
],
[
"stealthily",
"stealthily#English"
],
[
"fraudster",
"fraudster"
],
[
"con artist",
"con artist"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A thief or robber (one who steals, especially stealthily):",
"A kidnapper; a stealer of people."
],
"links": [
[
"thief",
"thief"
],
[
"robber",
"robber"
],
[
"steal",
"steal#English"
],
[
"stealthily",
"stealthily#English"
],
[
"kidnapper",
"kidnapper"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A criminal or villain; a malicious or lawbreaking person:",
"A liar; one who is dishonest."
],
"links": [
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"villain",
"villain"
],
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"lawbreaking",
"lawbreaking"
],
[
"liar",
"liar"
],
[
"dishonest",
"dishonest"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A criminal or villain; a malicious or lawbreaking person:",
"An usurer or miser; a financially immoral individual."
],
"links": [
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"villain",
"villain"
],
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"lawbreaking",
"lawbreaking"
],
[
"usurer",
"usurer"
],
[
"miser",
"miser"
],
[
"immoral",
"immoral"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A criminal or villain; a malicious or lawbreaking person:",
"A mercenary or freebooter; a soldier motivated by money."
],
"links": [
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"villain",
"villain"
],
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"lawbreaking",
"lawbreaking"
],
[
"mercenary",
"mercenary"
],
[
"freebooter",
"freebooter"
],
[
"money",
"money"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/θeːf/"
}
],
"word": "thef"
}
Download raw JSONL data for thef meaning in Middle English (4.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-20 using wiktextract (cdfa371 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.